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"D, Vaitl"

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Abstracts

Hamm, A., & Vaitl, D. (1985). [Belonging: the operationalization of a new concept of learning theory]. Archiv Fur Psychologie, 137(1), 13–27.
Hamm, A., & Vaitl, D. (1988). [Classical conditioning of autonomic reactions: effects of stimulus content and context]. Zeitschrift Fur Experimentelle Und Angewandte Psychologie, 35(1), 41–73.
Vaitl, D., & Gruppe, H. (1987). [Cardiorespiratory coherence: an attempt to change it carefully]. Zeitschrift Fur Experimentelle Und Angewandte Psychologie, 34(4), 628–648.
Vaitl, D., & Lachnit, H. (1987). [Heart rate and reaction time]. Zeitschrift Fur Experimentelle Und Angewandte Psychologie, 34(1), 120–135.
Petermann, F., & Vaitl, D. (2014). Entspannungsverfahren: Das Praxishandbuch (5. Auflage. Beltz Psychologie Verlags Union.
Petermann, F., & Vaitl, D. (2009). Entspannungsverfahren: Das Praxishandbuch (4. Auflage. Beltz Psychologie Verlags Union.
Vaitl, D., & Petermann, F. (2004). Entspannungsverfahren: Das Praxishandbuch (3. Auflage. Beltz Psychologie Verlags Union.
Vaitl, D., & Petermann, F. (2000). Handbuch der Entspannungsverfahren: Band 1: Grundlagen und Methoden (2. Auflage. Psychologie Verlags Union.
Petermann, F., & Vaitl, D. (1994). Handbuch der Entspannungsverfahren: Band 2: Anwendungen (1. Auflage. Psychologie Verlags Union.
Vaitl, D. (2009). Funktionelle Neuroanatomie. In G. Stemmler (Ed.), Psychologie der Emotion (pp. 81–130). Hogrefe.
Vaitl, D. (2011). Emotionen. In G. Schiepek (Ed.), Neurobiologie der Psychotherapie (pp. 233–249).
Vaitl, D., Gruppe, H., & Kimmel, H. D. (1985). Contextual stimulus control of conditional vasomotor and electrodermal reactions to angry and friendly faces. Transswitching--yes! Preparedness--No! The Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 20(3), 124–131. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03003595

An experiment with 42 human Ss used the transswitching procedure to examine tonic stimulus control of phasic and tonic conditioned vasomotor heart rate, and electrodermal reactions. The conditional stimulus (CSs) were photos of angry and friendly human faces, and the unconditional stimulus (US) was a human scream. In one tonic context (blue light), the CSs were paired with the US, in the other context (yellow light), the CSs were presented unpaired. Following acquisition, an extinction series was run with the US omitted during both tonic contexts. Phasic vasomotor and skin conductance reactions differed in the positive and negative tonic segments (stronger in positive). The skin conductance responses also differed during extinction, but the vasomotor responses did not. Tonic differences (following onset of the tonic stimuli) in unelicited skin conductance response frequency, finger pulse volume, and heart rate were also found, although these developed more slowly than the phasic differences. The finger pulse volume tonic difference was greater in extinction than the skin conductance response frequency. There was no effect of the angry-friendly facial expressions, either directly or in interaction with the transswitching effects. The results were interpreted to mean that the transswitching phenomenon is not limited to one another autonomic effector, but is more generalized across the ANS (sympathetic branch). The absence of influence of the facial expressions indicates the relative weakness of the "preparedness" hypothesis in comparison with more influential contextual factors.
Hamm, A. O., & Vaitl, D. (1996). Affective learning: awareness and aversion. Psychophysiology, 33(6), 698–710. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02366.x

In two studies, we investigated the influence of aversive and nonaversive reinforcers on startle reactivity, visceral responses, and self-report during Pavlovian conditioning. Furthermore, we assessed how awareness of the stimulus contingencies affect conditioned discrimination in the different response systems. Conditioned potentiation of the startle response was only observed in the context of aversive learning. Moreover, blink potentiation occurred without awareness of the relationship between the conditioned and unconditioned stimulus. In contrast, skin conductance conditioning was independent of the aversiveness of the reinforcer and was only obtained for those individuals who could correctly verbalize the stimulus contingency in a postconditioning recognition test. Cardiac responses varied with the task demands of the situation and covaried with individual response stereotypes.
Lipp, O. V., & Vaitl, D. (1988). Reaction time task as unconditional stimulus. On conditioning skin conductance responses and heart rate, using a nonaversive unconditional stimulus. The Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 23(4), 165–172.

The present study was conducted to demonstrate classic conditioning in electrodermal (ED) and heart rate (HR) responses by using a nonaversive reaction time (RT) task as unconditional stimulus (US). Three groups of 12 subjects each were studied to test the efficacy of this US procedure by varying the essential components of the RT task-US between groups. Eight seconds differential delay conditioning was applied in each group. Simple geometric features (square, cross) displayed on a TV screen were used as CS+ and CS-. RT task consisted of a nonaversive tone (72 dBA, 1000 or 1200 Hz) and a motor response (pressing a button with the left index finger). Subjects were asked to respond as soon as the tone stimulus was presented. The three groups received different stimulus sequences during the 16-trial acquisition phase only. In one group (Group C1), CS+ was followed by a tone to which subjects were to respond, whereas CS- was not followed by a tone. Similarly, in a second group (Group H), CS+ was followed by a tone, whereas CS- was not; however, subjects of Group H (habituation group) were not required to respond to the tone. In a third group, (Group C2) CS+ was followed by a tone to which subjects were to respond, while CS- was followed by a different tone requiring no response. According to analysis of Group C1 data, differential conditioning was obtained in each response measure. Group H displayed habituation in each response measure obtained. In Group C2, differential conditioning was obtained in the second latency window of ED responses only.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Lipp, O. V., & Vaitl, D. (1990). Reaction time task as unconditional stimulus. Comparing aversive and nonaversive unconditional stimuli. The Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science, 25(2), 77–83. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02964606

Nonaversive unconditional stimuli (USs) are seldom used in human classic conditioning of autonomic responses. One major objection to their use is that they produce deficits in electrodermal (ED) second- and third-interval response conditioning. However, a nonaversive reaction time (RT) task that includes feedback of success has been shown to be an effective US while avoiding this disadvantage (Lipp and Vaitl 1988). The present study compared this new RT task (RT-new) with a traditional RT task (RT-old) and with a standard aversive US (shock) in differential classic conditioning of ED, heart rate (HR), and digital pulse volume (DPV) responses. Eight-second-delay differential conditioning was applied in three groups of 12 subjects each. Simple geometric features (square, cross) displayed on a television screen served as conditional stimuli (CS+ and CS-). In acquisition, there were no statistically significant differences among the groups; differential conditioning did occur in HR, first- and second-interval ED responses, and first-interval DPV responses. Separate analyses within each group, however, revealed that there was no second-interval ED conditioning in the RT-old group. During extinction, neither DPV nor second-interval ED conditioning could be obtained, whereas HR and first-interval ED conditioning occurred in each group. In third-interval omission ED responses, RT-old and shock groups exhibited extinction, while response differentiation was maintained in the RT-new group throughout extinction. The RT task including feedback proved to be as reliable a US as a standard aversive US, whereas application of a traditional RT task again yielded some weaknesses in second-interval ED conditioning.
Vaitl, D., & Schandry, R. (1995). From the heart to the brain: The psychophysiology of circulation-brain interaction (Eds), Ed.). Peter Lang Publishing.
Kuhmann, W., Ebert-Hampel, B., & Vaitl, D. (1985). Biofeedback der Herzraten-Variabilität: Grundlagen und klinische Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. In D. Vaitl, T. W. Knapp, & N. Birbaumer (Eds.), Psychophysiologische Merkmale klinischer Symptome (pp. 84–100). Psychophysiologische Dysfunktionen.
Ott, U. (2014). Meditation. In F. Petermann & D. Vaitl (Eds.), Entspannungsverfahren. Das Praxishandbuch (5. Auflage (pp. 145–153). Beltz.
Ott, U. (2009). Meditation. In F. Petermann & D. Vaitl (Eds.), Entspannungsverfahren. Das Praxishandbuch (4. Auflage (pp. 132–142). Beltz.
Ott, U. (2004). Meditation. In D. Vaitl & F. Petermann (Eds.), Entspannungsverfahren. Das Praxishandbuch (3. Auflage (pp. 177–188). Beltz.

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