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Kornmeier, J., & Bach, M. (2004). Early neural activity in Necker-cube reversal: Evidence for low-level processing of a gestalt phenomenon. Psychophysiology, 41, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2004.10.006

Kornmeier, J., & Bach, M. (2012). Ambiguous figures – what happens in the brain when perception changes but not the stimulus. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 6(51), 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2012.00051

During observation of ambiguous figures our perception reverses spontaneously although the visual information stays unchanged. Research on this phenomenon so far suffered from the difficulty to determine the instant of the endogenous reversals with sufficient temporal precision. A novel experimental paradigm with discontinuous stimulus presentation improved on previous temporal estimates of the reversal event by a factor of three. It revealed that disambiguation of ambiguous visual information takes roughly 50 ms or two loops of recurrent neural activity. Further, the decision about the perceptual outcome has taken place at least 340 ms before the observer is able to indicate the consciously perceived reversal manually. We provide a short review about physiological studies on multistable perception with a focus on electrophysiological data. We further present a new perspective on multistable perception that can easily integrate previous apparently contradicting explanatory approaches. Finally we propose possible extensions toward other research fields where ambiguous figure perception may be useful as an investigative tool.

View on www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

Kornmeier, J., & Sosic-Vasic, Z. (2011). Hirngymnastik nach Plan – Gibt es ein Trainingsprogramm für effizientes Lernen? Nervenheilkunde, 8, 613–620.

Kornmeier, J., Bhatia, K., & Joos, E. (2021). Top-down resolution of visual ambiguity – knowledge from the future or footprints from the past? PLOS ONE, 16(10), 0258667. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258667

Kornmeier, J., Bach, M., & Atmanspacher, H. (2004). Correlates of perspective instabilities in visually evoked potentials. Int. J. Bifurcat. Chaos, 14(2), 727–736. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0218127404009430

Kornmeier, J., Sosic-Vasic, Z., & Joos, E. (2022). Spacing learning units affects both learning and forgetting. Trends in Neuroscience and Education, 26, 100173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tine.2022.100173

Mozhdehfarahbakhsh, A., Hecker, L., Joos, E., & Kornmeier, J. (2024). Visual imagination can influence visual perception – towards an experimental paradigm to measure imagination. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 24486. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-74693-x

Kornmeier, J., Friedel, E., Wittmann, M., & Atmanspacher, H. (2017). EEG correlates of cognitive time scales in the Necker-Zeno model for bistable perception. Consciousness and Cognition, 53, 136–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2017.04.011

The Necker-Zeno model of bistable perception provides a formal relation between the average duration of meta-stable percepts (dwell times T) of ambiguous figures and two other basic time scales (t(0), ΔT) underlying cognitive processing. The model predicts that dwell times T covary with t(0), ΔT or both. We tested this prediction by exploiting that observers, in particular experienced meditators, can volitionally control dwell times T. Meditators and non-meditators observed bistable Necker cubes either passively or tried to hold their current percept. The latencies of a centro-parietal event-related potential (CPP) were recorded as a physiological correlate of t(0). Dwell times T and the CPP latencies, correlated with t(0), differed between conditions and observer groups, while ΔT remained constant in the range predicted by the model. The covariation of CPP latencies and dwell times, as well as their quadratic functional dependence extends previous psychophysical confirmation of the Necker-Zeno model to psychophysiological measures.

Joos, E., Giersch, A., Hecker, L., Schipp, J., Heinrich, S. P., Elst, L., & Kornmeier, J. (2020). Large EEG amplitude effects are highly similar across Necker cube, smiley, and abstract stimuli. PLoS ONE, 15(5), 0232928. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232928

Atmanspacher, H., Bach, M., Filk, T., Kornmeier, J., & Römer, H. (2008). Cognitive Time Scales in a Necker-Zeno Model for Bistable Perception. The Open Cybernetics and Systemics Journal, 2, 234–251. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874110X00802010234

Wilson, M., Hecker, L., Joos, E., Aertsen, A., Elst, L., & Kornmeier, J. (2023). Spontaneous Necker-cube reversals may not be that spontaneous. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 17, 1179081. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1179081

Joos, E., Giersch, A., Bhatia, K., Heinrich, S. P., Elst, L., & Kornmeier, J. (2020). Using the perceptual past to predict the perceptual future influences the perceived present – A novel ERP paradigm. PLOS ONE, 15(9), 0237663. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237663

Wilson, M., Joos, E., Giersch, A., Bonnefond, A., Elst, L., Hecker, L., & Kornmeier, J. (2024). Do smaller P300 amplitudes in schizophrenia result from larger variability in temporal processing? Schizophrenia, 10(1), 104. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41537-024-00519-4

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