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The "dual klepsydra model" (DKM) of internal time representation successfully models duration reproduction data, but relations between the DKM-based parameter kappa ("loss rate") and procedural variables (presentation modality) or individual characteristics (cognitive indices, age, sex) remained as yet unexplored. For that purpose, were-analyzed data from an earlier time reproduction study (N = 100), using visually or acoustically presented intervals of 1-5 sec. duration. Typical values of parameter kappa were approximately 0.03-0.04 sec.(-1), corresponding to relaxation times of internal "lossy integrators" of approximately 30 sec. Significant effects of presentation modality (smaller kappa values for the visual reproduction task) and of age (greater kappa in acoustic reproduction with increasing age) were observed. Cognitive variables (working memory, general fluid reasoning, attention) and sex of participants were not associated with kappa. Cognitive functions seem to play only a minor, if any, role at the level of time representation addressed by the DKM.
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The article reviews the current knowledge regarding altered states of consciousness (ASC) (a) occurring spontaneously, (b) evoked by physical and physiological stimulation, (c) induced by psychological means, and (d) caused by diseases. The emphasis is laid on psychological and neurobiological approaches. The phenomenological analysis of the multiple ASC resulted in 4 dimensions by which they can be characterized: activation, awareness span, self-awareness, and sensory dynamics. The neurophysiological approach revealed that the different states of consciousness are mainly brought about by a compromised brain structure, transient changes in brain dynamics (disconnectivity), and neurochemical and metabolic processes. Besides these severe alterations, environmental stimuli, mental practices, and techniques of self-control can also temporarily alter brain functioning and conscious experience.
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- Englisch (2)
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- Acoustic Stimulation (1)
- Adult (1)
- Age Factors (1)
- Aged (1)
- Aged, 80 and over (1)
- Arousal/physiology (1)
- *Attention (1)
- Brain/*diagnostic imaging/*physiology (1)
- *Cognition (1)
- *Consciousness Disorders (1)
- Diet (1)
- Dreams/physiology (1)
- Electroencephalography (1)
- Female (1)
- Humans (2)
- Male (1)
- *Memory, Short-Term (1)
- Middle Aged (1)
- Photic Stimulation (1)
- Positron-Emission Tomography (1)
- Sex Factors (1)
- Sleep/physiology (1)
- Starvation (1)
- Task Performance and Analysis (1)
- *Time Perception (1)
- Young Adult (1)