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Addictive disorders are characterized by impulsive behavior that leads to difficulties in preventing certain behaviors despite negative consequences. This symptom predisposes to a vulnerability in developing addictive disorders and is also aggravated by the addiction process itself. As such, understanding the underlying mechanisms of impulsivity is a challenge for understanding the pathophysiology of addiction. One common link between impulsivity and addiction is that both involve actions and decisions that are realized faster than they should be in time. Impulsive traits increase the tendency to choose immediate gratification instead of delayed gratification even when preferred. This observation suggests a relationship between impulsivity and time processing. To better understand this relationship, we reviewed the literature that describes the relationship between time processing and impulsivity in addictive disorders in humans. Despite a lack of literature concerning this question in alcohol, cannabis and gambling disorders, we highlight that addictive behaviors are a good model for understanding the pathophysiology of impulsivity, and could help us to better understand the relationship between time perception and impulsivity.
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RATIONALE: Biased processing of drug-associated stimuli is believed to be a crucial feature of addiction. Particularly, an attentional bias seems to contribute to the disorder's maintenance. Recent studies suggest differential effects for stimuli associated with the beginning (BEGIN-smoking-stimuli) or the terminal stage of the smoking ritual (END-smoking-stimuli), with the former but not the later evoking high cue-reactivity. OBJECTIVE: The current study investigated the neuronal network underlying an attentional bias to BEGIN-smoking-stimuli and END-smoking-stimuli in smokers and tested the hypothesis that the attentional bias is greater for BEGIN-smoking-stimuli. METHODS: Sixteen non-deprived smokers and 16 non-smoking controls participated in an fMRI study. Drug pictures (BEGIN-smoking-stimuli, END-smoking-stimuli) and control pictures were overlaid with geometrical figures and presented for 300 ms. Subjects had to identify picture content (identification-task) or figure orientation (distraction-task). The distraction-task was intended to demonstrate attentional bias. RESULTS: Behavioral data revealed an attentional bias to BEGIN-smoking-stimuli but not to END-smoking-stimuli in both groups. However, only smokers showed mesocorticolimbic deactivations in the distraction-task with BEGIN-smoking-stimuli. Importantly, these deactivations were significantly stronger for BEGIN- than for END-smoking-stimuli and correlated with the attentional bias score. CONCLUSIONS: Several explanations may account for missing group differences in behavioral data. Brain data suggest smokers using regulatory strategies in response to BEGIN-smoking-stimuli to prevent the elicitation of motivational responses interfering with distraction-task performance. These strategies could be reflected in the observed deactivations and might lead to a performance level in smokers that is similar to that of non-smokers.
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- Behavior, Addictive/*physiopathology
- Addictive disorders (1)
- Adult (1)
- Attention/*physiology (1)
- Brain Mapping/methods/*psychology (1)
- Cerebral Cortex/*physiopathology (1)
- Cognition (1)
- Cues (1)
- Delay Discounting/*physiology (1)
- Humans (2)
- Impulsive Behavior/*physiology (1)
- Impulsivity (1)
- Limbic System/*physiopathology (1)
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods/psychology (1)
- Male (1)
- Neural Inhibition/*physiology (1)
- Neural Pathways/physiopathology (1)
- Photic Stimulation/methods (1)
- Smoking/*physiopathology/psychology (1)
- Substance-Related Disorders/*physiopathology (1)
- Time Perception/*physiology (1)
- Time processing (1)
- Visual Perception/physiology (1)