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  • Sammer, G., Reuter, I., Hullmann, K., Kaps, M., & Vaitl, D. (2006). Training of executive functions in Parkinson’s disease. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 248(1–2), 115–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.028

    Cognitive disturbances are common in Parkinson's disease (PD). Examination of cognitive function often reveals deficits in executive functions, including maintenance and inhibition of attention, flexibility in thinking, and planning. The involvement of the dopaminergic system in cognitive executive functions has been suggested by numerous studies. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effect of cognitive training on cognitive performance of PD-patients (N=26). Half of the patients participated in a cognitive training regimen, while the other patients only received standard treatment. The outcome showed improved performance of the group with cognitive treatment in two executive tasks after the training period, while no improvement was seen in the standard-treatment group. The results indicate that specific training is required for improvement of executive functions, while general rehabilitation is not sufficient. Thus, PD-patients might benefit from a short-term cognitive executive function training program that is tailored to the individual patient's needs.

  • Houtkooper, J. M., Schienle, A., Stark, R., & Vaitl, D. (1999). Geophysical variables and behavior: LXXXVIII. Atmospheric electromagnetism: the possible disturbing influence of natural sferics on ESP. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 89(3 Pt 2), 1179–1192. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1999.89.3f.1179

    Sferics are electromagnetic impulses generated by electrical discharges during thunderstorms (lightning). One category is comprised of very low frequency electromagnetic waves, traveling over distances up to a thousand kilometers. Sferics have been shown to affect biological responses such as pain syndromes, reaction times, and power in the alpha band of the EEG. In the present study, in which 100 subjects took part, sferics have been studied in their relation to performance on a forced-choice extrasensory perception (ESP) task and to several secondary variables. The general finding is a negative correlation between ESP performance and sferics activity around the time of the session, most notably 24-48 hours prior to the session. Secondary variables appear to modulate this correlation, as has been found in previous research on sferics: the correlation tended to be stronger for persons who scored lower on Neuroticism and higher on the Openness scale of a Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire.

  • Schienle, A., Stark, R., & Vaitl, D. (1999). Electrocortical responses of headache patients to the simulation of 10 kHz sferics. The International Journal of Neuroscience, 97(3–4), 211–224. https://doi.org/10.3109/00207459909000661

    Many headache patients believe that weather changes act as pain triggers. Therefore, the present study investigated the psychophysiological influence of an indicator of atmospheric instability, Very Low Frequency (VLF)-sferics, on 32 subjectively weather-sensitive women suffering from migraine attacks and/or tension-type headaches. It was analyzed if sferics exposure is able to induce electrocortical changes as well as headache symptoms. The subjects, who had been divided into two groups, participated in a sferics simulation study. The experimental group (n = 16) underwent a ten-minute exposure to 10kHz-sferics impulses followed by 20 minutes without treatment in order to examine possible prolonged sferics effects. The control group (n = 16) received no treatment. As dependent measures, EEG spectral power was compared between the two groups at six electrode sites (F3/F4; P3/P4; O1/O2). Sferics exposure provoked increases in absolute alpha and beta power during the treatment. The alpha power enhancement was still present at parietal sites at the end of registration (20 minutes after the end of exposure). The stimulation did not induce headache symptoms.

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