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Adolescent

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Houtkooper, J. M., Schienle, A., Stark, R., & Vaitl, D. (1999). Geophysical variables and behavior: LXXXVIII. Atmospheric electromagnetism: the possible disturbing influence of natural sferics on ESP. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 89(3 Pt 2), 1179–1192. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1999.89.3f.1179

Sferics are electromagnetic impulses generated by electrical discharges during thunderstorms (lightning). One category is comprised of very low frequency electromagnetic waves, traveling over distances up to a thousand kilometers. Sferics have been shown to affect biological responses such as pain syndromes, reaction times, and power in the alpha band of the EEG. In the present study, in which 100 subjects took part, sferics have been studied in their relation to performance on a forced-choice extrasensory perception (ESP) task and to several secondary variables. The general finding is a negative correlation between ESP performance and sferics activity around the time of the session, most notably 24-48 hours prior to the session. Secondary variables appear to modulate this correlation, as has been found in previous research on sferics: the correlation tended to be stronger for persons who scored lower on Neuroticism and higher on the Openness scale of a Five-Factor Personality Questionnaire.
Gheorghiu, V. A., Gehm, T., Vaitl, D., & Hehl, F. J. (1989). [Objective and simulated stimulation: an empirical study of the effect of indirect suggestion on motor behavior]. Archiv Fur Psychologie, 141(2), 127–137.

In an experimental investigation it is demonstrated that motor behavior-in contrast to the opinion forwarded in the literature-is not only elicitable by means of direct persuasion, but also to a great extend by mere indirect suggestion, (feigning of stimuli). A differential investigation of these effects provided evidence that reactions to feigned stimuli are highly person specific and relatively homogenous concerning the respective instruments whereas objective stimuli lead to reactions relatively specific for the respective instrument applied. The findings are interpreted as an analog on to placebo-effects in the area of motor behavior. Their extend may be seen as an argument for a stronger concern with subjective reaction tendencies in this field.
Vaitl, D. (1989). [A mechanical method for changing heart rate and blood pressure]. Archiv Fur Psychologie, 141(1), 49–69.

The investigation of afferent cardiovascular influences upon central nervous processes needs a methodology which allows for independent and systematic manipulation of circulatory processes. By mechanical manipulation of posture (tilt table, orthostasis) and compression of lower body parts (by anti-G-suit) reliable changes in heart rate and blood pressure can be induced. In fourty subjects (study 1) it could be shown that sustained (30 min.) changes in heart rate (e.g. orthostatic tachycardia, decrease of heart rate during compression) and mean arterial blood pressure (increase during orthostasis with and without compression) occur. Although changes in heart rate could be achieved irregardless of whether the venous "pooling" was suppressed by an air- or water-filled pressure suit, the pressor effect did differ quite considerably. In fourty-four subjects (study 2) it could be demonstrated that only by means of an water-filled suit further increases in mean arterial blood pressure could be evoked during orthostasis. Changes in hemodynamic also lead to changes in sympatho-vagal control of cardiac activity. In study 3 (ten subjects) it could be shown, that orthostasis mainly evokes alterations in sympathetic activity whereas lower body compression leads to additional increases of vagal activity and respiratory sinus arrhythmia during orthostasis.
Hamm, A., & Vaitl, D. (1988). [Classical conditioning of autonomic reactions: effects of stimulus content and context]. Zeitschrift Fur Experimentelle Und Angewandte Psychologie, 35(1), 41–73.

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