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Mayer, G. (2019). The “Castle Hotel” case – becoming a haunting myth and a “lost place”: An investigation report. In G. Mayer (Ed.), N equals 1: Single case studies in anomalistics (pp. 313–350). LIT.
Mayer, G., & Kornmeier, J. (2019). Mysterious objects in pictures taken by a wildlife camera: The pitfalls of perception. In G. Mayer (Ed.), N equals 1: Single case studies in anomalistics (pp. 297–312). LIT.
Mayer, G., & Schetsche, M. (2019). Cryptozoology & crop circle research: Two further fields of investigation at a glance. In G. Mayer (Ed.), N equals 1: Single case studies in anomalistics (pp. 125–131). LIT.
Mayer, G., & Schetsche, M. (2019). Introduction: Research logic, models, and particularities. In G. Mayer (Ed.), N equals 1: Single case studies in anomalistics (pp. 11–41). LIT.
Mayer, G., & Schetsche, M. (2019). Introduction: Single case studies in anomalistics. In G. Mayer (Ed.), N equals 1: Single case studies in anomalistics (pp. 81–85). LIT.
Mayer, G., & Schetsche, M. (2019). RSPK investigations. In G. Mayer (Ed.), N equals 1: Single case studies in anomalistics (pp. 87–123). LIT.
Prestel, M., Riedl, R., Stark, R., & Ott, U. (2019). Enhancing mindfulness by combining neurofeedback with meditation. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 26(7–8), 268–293.

In meditation, mind-wandering has to be noticed and stopped in order to attain and sustain a state of mindfulness. Mindwandering has been linked to increased activity in the default mode network (DMN). We found that hemodynamic activity in the DMN was inversely related to frontal midline theta (FMT) EEG activity. In addition, a recent study reported that FMT power was reduced during mind-wandering and increased during deep meditation. In our experiment, six subjects were introduced to two forms of meditation to be used during neurofeedback training in eight daily sessions during two weeks. FMT power was chosen for neurofeedback, while subjects applied these meditation techniques and individual strategies to increase FMT power. Each session was followed by a detailed interview. Four subjects were able to raise average FMT power over the course of the training, two of them significantly. We report and discuss the results of the neurophenomenological analysis of the relationship between meditation strategies, subjective experiences, and success of neurofeedback training.
Volz, K., Stark, R., Vaitl, D., & Ambach, W. (2019). Event-related potentials differ between true and false memories in the misinformation paradigm. International Journal of Psychophysiology : Official Journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology, 135, 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2018.12.002

Several studies investigating psychophysiological correlates of false memories suggest that psychophysiology may provide incremental information to subjectively reported memory. Based on previous findings in a Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm, we examined three components of event-related EEG potentials of memory in a misleading information paradigm. 39 participants watched a video that included eight randomized details (e.g., the color of an envelope). After a retention interval of one week, four out of eight details were replaced by misleading details in a narrative text. Afterward, EEG was derived during a recognition test. First, we found that the amplitude at parietal electrodes did not differ between true and false memories. Instead, parietal positivity was more pronounced during yes- compared to no-responses, indicating parietal positivity reflects subjectively reported memory. Second, we found more positive frontal amplitudes associated with false compared to true memories in late time windows. Consequently, our findings indicate that false memories differ from true memories with respect to late frontal activation. In conclusion, we assume that parietal positivity reflects subjectively experienced memory, whereas late frontal activation holds incremental information to the subjectively experienced and reported memory.
Ambach, W., Assmann, B., Wielandt, B., & Vaitl, D. (2019). Evaluative observation in a concealed information test. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 636. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00636

The Concealed Information Test (CIT) is a valid method to detect hidden knowledge by means of psychophysiological measures. Concealing information is always a social behavior; yet, the role of social aspects has barely been investigated in recent CIT research favoring standardized, computer-based experiments. Evaluative observation is known to influence social behavior as well as physiological measures; examining the impact of evaluative observation on physiological responding in a CIT is the aim of this study. Sixty-three students completed a mock-crime and then underwent a CIT. In a between-subjects manipulation, half of the participants were observed through a camera and were faced with the real-time video of the experimenter watching them while completing the CIT. The other half completed the CIT without observation and video. Electrodermal activity, respiration line length, phasic heart rate, and finger pulse waveform length were registered. A specific questionnaire captured the individual fear of negative evaluation. Typical differential CIT responses occurred in both groups and with each measure. Contrary to expectations, differential CIT responses did not differ between groups. No modulatory influence of the fear questionnaire score on physiological responding was found. A ceiling effect, involving high attention and high motivation to avoid detection as well as high arousal in both groups due to the CIT procedure per se is discussed as explanation for these results, while the independence of the orienting reflex of social and motivational influence appears less likely in the light of previous literature.
Anton, A. (2019). UFO Research. In G. Mayer (Ed.), N equals 1. Single Case Studies in Anomalistics (pp. 133–150). Lit-Verlag.
Anton, A., & Schetsche, M. (2019). Exosoziologie. Außerirdische Intelligenzen und die Folgen eines Erstkontaktes. jufof. Journal für UFO-Forschung, 40(246), 166–171.
Anton, A., & Schetsche, M. (2019). Exosoziologie. Szenarien für den Erstkontakt mit außerirdischer Intelligenz. Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte, 69(29–30), 40–46.
Anton, A., & Schink, A. (2019). Rezension zu Michael Butter. Über Verschwörungstheorien. Zeitschrift für Anomalistik, 19, 471–486.
Atmanspacher, H., & Fach, W. (2019). Exceptional experiences of stable and unstable mental states, understood from a dual-aspect point of view. Philosophies, 4(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/philosophies4010007
Bauer, E. (2019). Heino Gehrts, Fanny Moser und der „Fall Kornitzky“. In H. F. Gehrts & H. (Eds.), Schriften zur Märchen-, Mythen- und Sagenforschung, Gesammelte Aufsätze 7 (pp. 6–28). Igel Verlag.
Bauer, E. (2019). Parapsychologie. In M. A. Wirtz (Ed.), Dorsch – Lexikon der Psychologie. 19. Auflage (pp. 1224–1225). Hogrefe.
Kornmeier, J., Friedel, E., Hecker, L., Schmidt, S., & Wittmann, M. (2019). What happens in the brain of meditators when perception changes but not the stimulus? PloS One, 14(10), e0223843. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223843

During the observation of an ambiguous figure our perception alternates between mutually exclusive interpretations, although the stimulus itself remains unchanged. The rate of these endogenous reversals has been discussed as reflecting basic aspects of endogenous brain dynamics. Recent evidence indicates that extensive meditation practice evokes long-term functional and anatomic changes in the brain, also affecting the endogenous brain dynamics. As one of several consequences the rate of perceptual reversals during ambiguous figure perception decreases. In the present study we compared EEG-correlates of endogenous reversals of ambiguous figures between meditators and non-meditating controls in order to better understand timing and brain locations of this altered endogenous brain dynamics. A well-established EEG paradigm was used to measure the neural processes underlying endogenous perceptual reversals of ambiguous figures with high temporal precision. We compared reversal-related ERPs between experienced meditators and non-meditating controls. For both groups we found highly similar chains of reversal-related ERPs, starting early in visual areas, therewith replicating previous findings from the literature. Meditators, however, showed an additional frontal ERP signature already 160 ms after stimulus onset (Frontal Negativity). We interpret the additional, meditation-specific ERP results as evidence that extensive meditation practice provides control of frontal brain areas over early sensory processing steps. This may allow meditators to overcome phylogenetically evolved perceptual and attentional processing automatisms.
Mashour, G. A., Frank, L., Batthyany, A., Kolanowski, A. M., Nahm, M., Schulman-Green, D., Greyson, B., Pakhomov, S., Karlawish, J., & Shah, R. C. (2019). Paradoxical lucidity: A potential paradigm shift for the neurobiology and treatment of severe dementias. Alzheimer’s & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer’s Association, 15(8), 1107–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.04.002

Unexpected cognitive lucidity and communication in patients with severe dementias, especially around the time of death, have been observed and reported anecdotally. Here, we review what is known about this phenomenon, related phenomena that provide insight into potential mechanisms, ethical implications, and methodologic considerations for systematic investigation. We conclude that paradoxical lucidity, if systematically confirmed, challenges current assumptions and highlights the possibility of network-level return of cognitive function in cases of severe dementias, which can provide insight into both underlying neurobiology and future therapeutic possibilities.
Mayer, G. (Ed.). (2019). N equals 1: Single case studies in anomalistics. LIT.
Nahm, M. (2019). Assessing the problem space of precognition: Can it be the only form of psi? A commentary on the Multiphasic Model of Informational Psi. Zeitschrift Für Anomalistik, 19(1+2), 57–67. https://doi.org/10.23793/zfa.2019.52

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