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Vollständige Literaturliste 940 Einträge

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Joos, E., Giersch, A., Bhatia, K., Heinrich, S. P., Tebartz van Elst, L., & Kornmeier, J. (2020). Using the perceptual past to predict the perceptual future influences the perceived present - A novel ERP paradigm. PloS One, 15(9), e0237663. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237663

The information available through our senses is noisy, incomplete, and to varying degrees ambiguous. The perceptual system must create stable and reliable percepts out of this restricted information. It solves this perceptual inference problem by integrating memories of previous percepts and making predictions about the perceptual future. Using ambiguous figures and a new experimental approach, we studied whether generating predictions based on regularities in the past affects processing of the present and how this is done. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured to investigate whether a highly regular temporal context of either ambiguous or unambiguous stimulus variants differently affects processing of a current stimulus and/or task execution. Further, we tested whether symbolic announcements about the immediate perceptual future can replace the past experience of regularities as a source for making predictions. Both ERP and reaction time varied as a function of stimulus ambiguity in the temporal context of a present stimulus. No such effects were found with symbolic announcements. Our results indicate that predictions about the future automatically alter processing of the present, even if the predictions are irrelevant for the present percept and task. However, direct experiences of past regularities are necessary for predicting the future whereas symbolic information about the future is not sufficient.
Joos, E., Giersch, A., Hecker, L., Schipp, J., Heinrich, S. P., Tebartz van Elst, L., & Kornmeier, J. (2020). Large EEG amplitude effects are highly similar across Necker cube, smiley, and abstract stimuli. PloS One, 15(5), e0232928. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232928

The information available through our senses is noisy, incomplete, and ambiguous. Our perceptual systems have to resolve this ambiguity to construct stable and reliable percepts. Previous EEG studies found large amplitude differences in two event-related potential (ERP) components 200 and 400 ms after stimulus onset when comparing ambiguous with disambiguated visual information ("ERP Ambiguity Effects"). These effects so far generalized across classical ambiguous figures from different visual categories at lower (geometry, motion) and intermediate (Gestalt perception) levels. The present study aimed to examine whether these ERP Effects are restricted to ambiguous figures or whether they also occur for different degrees of visibility. Smiley faces with low and high visibility of emotional expressions, as well as abstract figures with low and high visibility of a target curvature were presented. We thus compared ambiguity effects in geometric cube stimuli with visibility in emotional faces, and with visibility in abstract figures. ERP Effects were replicated for the geometric stimuli and very similar ERP Effects were found for stimuli with emotional face expressions but also for abstract figures. Conclusively, the ERP amplitude effects generalize across fundamentally different stimulus categories and show highly similar effects for different degrees of stimulus ambiguity and stimulus visibility. We postulate the existence of a high-level/meta-perceptual evaluation instance, beyond sensory details, that estimates the certainty of a perceptual decision. The ERP Effects may reflect differences in evaluation results.
Khoshnoud, S., Alvarez Igarzábal, F., & Wittmann, M. (2020). Peripheral-physiological and neural correlates of the flow experience while playing video games: a comprehensive review. PeerJ, 8, e10520. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10520

The flow state is defined by intense involvement in an activity with high degrees of concentration and focused attention accompanied by a sense of pleasure. Video games are effective tools for inducing flow, and keeping players in this state is considered to be one of the central goals of game design. Many studies have focused on the underlying physiological and neural mechanisms of flow. Results are inconsistent when describing a unified mechanism underlying this mental state. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the physiological and neural correlates of flow and explains the relationship between the reported physiological and neural markers of the flow experience. Despite the heterogeneous results, it seems possible to establish associations between reported markers and the cognitive and experiential aspects of flow, particularly regarding arousal, attention control, reward processing, automaticity, and self-referential processing.
Kornmeier, J. (2020). Wahrnehmungsforschung und das psychophysische Problem. In D. Vaitl (Ed.), An den Grenzen unseres Wissens: von der Faszination des Paranormalen (pp. 153–173). Herder Verlag.
Mayer, G. (2020). Astrologie und Wissenschaft – ein prekäres Verhältnis. Teil 1: Historischer Rückblick auf die deutschsprachige Astrologie im 20. Jahrhundert und gegenwärtige Entwicklungen. Zeitschrift Für Anomalistik, 20(1+2), 86–117.
Mayer, G. (2020). Astrologie und Wissenschaft – ein prekäres Verhältnis. Teil 2: Überlegungen zu empirischen Untersuchungen zur Validität der Astrologie. Zeitschrift Für Anomalistik, 20(3), 278–311.
Mayer, G. (2020). Vision und Gegenwart: Grenzgebietsforschung in der öffentlichen Wahrnehmung und die Zeitläufte. In D. Vaitl (Ed.), An den Grenzen unseres Wissens: Von der Faszination des Paranormalen (1. Auflage, pp. 457–498). Verlag Herder.
Mayer, G., & Brutler, A. (2020). Indigo children: unexpected consequences of a process of pathologization. In S. Bacon & L. Ruickbie (Eds.), The cultural construction of monstrous children: Essays on anomalous children from 1595 to the present day (pp. 217–234). Anthem.
Nahm, M. (2020). Essay Review: A history of the (attempted) institutionalization of parapsychology. A review of “Okkultismus im Gehäuse” by Anna Lux & Sylvia Paletschek. Journal of Scientific Exploration, 34(4), 849–853. https://doi.org/10.31275/20201953
Nahm, M. (2020). Time to celebrate! Journal of Scientific Exploration, 34(1), 105–107. https://doi.org/10.31275/2019/1749
Nahm, M., Schmied-Knittel, I., & Weibel, A. (2020). „Nur ein milder Schein des Erlebten“. Ergebnisse einer Online-Umfrage zu Nahtod-Erfahrungen im deutschsprachigen Raum. Zeitschrift Für Anomalistik, 20(1+2), 131–153. https://doi.org/10.23793/zfa.2020.131
Nahm, M., & Weibel, A. (2020). The significance of autoscopies as a time marker for the occurrence of near-death experiences. Journal of Near-Death Studies, 38(1), 26–50. https://doi.org/10.17514/JNDS-2020-38-1-p26-50

Abstract: The physiological and psychological underpinnings of near-death experiences (NDEs) are not yet understood. In this article, we show that for "critical" NDEs reported after cardiac arrest, two different neurophysiological models have been proposed that, in the literature so far, have not been adequately distinguished from each other. In the real-time model, it is postulated that during critical NDEs, residual activities in the cerebrum were sufficient to generate NDEs in real time. In the reconstruction model, it is assumed that due to severe oxygen deficiency, critical NDEs could not have occurred at the time in question but were reconstructed later during the regeneration phase of the brain. To assess the plausibility of these two models, we analyzed the phenomenology of the view of one's own body from above (autoscopy) that frequently occurs in the beginnings of NDEs. In addition to the available literature, we used original descriptions of autoscopies obtained in an online survey conducted in 2015. We found that the reconstruction model is not supported by empirical findings and that some findings even speak against it. We therefore conclude that future discussions of explanatory models of NDEs should focus primarily on the neurophysiological real-time model and a third alternative according to which autoscopies and NDEs occur in relative independence from the prevailing neurophysiological processes in the brain.
Ott, U. (2020). Meditation. In F. Petermann (Ed.), Entspannungsverfahren. Das Praxishandbuch (6. Auflage (pp. 139–149). Beltz.
Pfeifer, E., & Wittmann, M. (2020). Waiting, Thinking, and Feeling: Variations in the Perception of Time During Silence. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 602. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00602

Research on the perception of silence has led to insights regarding its positive effects on individuals. We conducted a series of studies during which individuals were exposed to several minutes of silence in different contexts. Participants were introduced to different social and environmental settings, either in a seminar room at a university or in a city garden, alone or in a group. Instructions across studies varied, as participants were exposed to real waiting situations, were asked to just think and to explicitly experience the time interval without further instructions or following a session of Depth Relaxation Music Therapy (DRMT)/Hypnomusictherapy (HMT). Silence was judged to significantly increase relaxation, improve mood states, and alter the perception of time and the orientation toward the present moment. We controlled for influences of trait variables, such as impulsivity, mindfulness, daydreaming, and time perspective. Findings empirically demonstrate that exposure to silence can be effective in therapeutic and educational contexts to promote relaxation and well-being.
Schellinger, U., & Nahm, M. (2020). Freiburgs Gespenster: Spuk und Geister in der Stadt von 1800 bis heute (1st ed.). Institut für Grenzgebiete der Psychologie und Psychohygiene.
Schellinger, U., & Vaitl, D. (2020). Umbruch und Neuorientierung: Das Institut zwischen 1996 und 2020 – ein kurzer Überblick. In D. Vaitl (Ed.), An den Grenzen unseres Wissens. Von der Faszination des Paranormalen (pp. 66–81). Herder. https://www.herder.de/leben/shop/p6/61194-an-den-grenzen-unseres-wissens-gebundene-ausgabe/

Seit 70 Jahren beschäftigt sich das international bekannte Institut für Grenzgebiete der Psychologie und Psychohygiene in Freiburg mit anomalen Phänomenen unserer Alltagswelt wie Gedankenübertragung, Nahtoderfahrungen oder veränderten Bewusstseinszuständen. Es geht nicht allein um die klassischen Felder der Parapsychologie, wie Spukerscheinungen, Telepathie oder Hellsehen, sondern um die Erforschung von bisher nur unzureichend verstandenen Phänomenen an den Grenzen unseres Wissens. Forscher aus verschiedenen Disziplinen beschreiben in leicht verständlicher Form ihre Forschung am Institut.

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Schetsche, M., & Anton, A. (2020). Intersoziologie. Menschliche und nichtmenschliche Akteure in der Sozialwelt. Beltz Juventa.
Schetsche, M., & Anton, A. (2020). Probleme des Fremdverstehens – das Beispiel Außerirdische. In M. Schetsche & A. Anton (Eds.), Intersoziologie. Menschliche und nichtmenschliche Akteure in der Sozialwelt (pp. 176–194). Beltz Juventa.
Schmied-Knittel, I., Anton, A., & Schetsche, M. (2020). Wider den (Aber-)Glauben. Die Durchsetzung der wissenschaftlichen Weltanschauung in der DDR. In B. Schnettler, T. Szydlik, & H. Pach (Eds.), Religiöse Kommunikation und weltanschauliches Wissen. Kommunikative Konstruktionen unabweisbarer Gewissheiten und ihre gesellschaftlichen Wirkungen (pp. 103–126). Springer VS.
Schmied-Knittel, I., Anton, A., & Schetsche, M. (2020). Wider den (Aber-)Glauben. Die Durchsetzung der wissenschaftlichen Weltanschauung in der DDR. In B. Schnettler, T. Szydlik, & H. Pach (Eds.), Religiöse Kommunikation und weltanschauliches Wissen. Kommunikative Konstruktionen unabweisbarer Gewissheiten und ihre gesellschaftlichen Wirkungen (pp. 103–126). Springer VS.

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